中国焦化企业众多,焦化企业存在工艺复杂,产生污染物种类较多的特点,环境监察人员必须对焦化企业产污环节、治理措施等有全面的了解,在环境监察工作中才能做到心中有数、执法到位。本文对焦化企业排污点位、应采取的治理措施及执行环境标准等进行了简要的介绍,并对焦化行业环境监察应注意的点位进行了逐一的分析。

　　There are numerous coking enterprises in China, which have complex processes and produce a variety of pollutants. Environmental monitoring personnel must have a comprehensive understanding of the pollution production processes and control measures of coking enterprises in order to have a clear understanding and effective law enforcement in environmental monitoring work. This article briefly introduces the pollution discharge points of coking enterprises, the governance measures that should be taken, and the implementation of environmental standards. It also analyzes the points that should be paid attention to in environmental supervision of the coking industry one by one.

　　焦化生产工艺

　　Coking production process

　　焦化生产大体分两个工段:备煤、炼焦工段、化产回收及焦化废水生化处理工段。炼焦工段是煤经加温蒸馏变成焦炭的过程,化产回收工段是对煤气中化学产品的回收过程,一般主要有冷鼓、脱硫、硫铵、洗脱苯等工段。

　　Coking production is generally divided into two sections: coal preparation, coking section, and chemical product recovery and coking wastewater biochemical treatment section. The coking section is the process of coal being heated and distilled into coke, while the chemical recovery section is the process of recovering chemical products from coal gas, generally including cold drum, desulfurization, ammonium sulfate, and benzene washing sections.

　　焦化生产过程污染源分析、治理措施及监察要点

　　Analysis of Pollution Sources, Control Measures and Supervision Points in Coking Production Process

　　2.1?废气部分　　(1)装煤、炼焦、出焦。

　　2.1? Waste gas section (1) includes coal loading, coking, and coke discharge.

　　①装煤时,煤中水分蒸发和挥发份迅速产生,炭化室压力突然上升,废气逸散。主要污染物为BaP、颗粒物、H2S、NH3、酚等污染物质。　　需配套建设装煤消烟除尘设施,如:炉顶燃烧+喷淋处理、侧吸导管、二合一地面站等。

　　① When loading coal, the water in the coal evaporates and volatile matter is rapidly produced, causing a sudden increase in pressure in the carbonization chamber and the release of exhaust gas. The main pollutants are BaP, particulate matter H2S、NH3、 Phenol and other pollutants. Supporting facilities for coal loading, smoke reduction, and dust removal need to be constructed, such as furnace top combustion+spray treatment, side suction ducts, and two in one ground stations.

　　②炉顶废气及炉门泄露废气。　　装煤孔盖、上升管盖、上升管与炉门顶连接处、桥管液封连接不严,荒煤气从缝隙中泄露,焦炉炉顶散落煤,受热分解也产生烟气。炼焦过程中炉门刀边炉框镜面不严密处产生的泄露废气。主要污染物为颗粒物、苯、BaP、SO2、CO、NO2、H2S、NH3、酚类等,成分复杂且具有较大的毒害性。　　需采用水封式上升管,特制泥封,及时清理炉顶、炉门炉框等。

　　② Furnace top exhaust gas and furnace door leakage exhaust gas. The coal loading hole cover, rising pipe cover, connection between the rising pipe and the furnace door top, and the liquid seal connection of the bridge pipe are not tightly sealed, causing the leakage of raw gas from the gaps, scattering coal on the top of the coke oven, and generating flue gas through thermal decomposition. The leakage of exhaust gas generated at the imperfect mirror surface of the furnace door blade and frame during the coking process. The main pollutants are particulate matter, benzene BaP、SO2、CO、NO2、H2S、NH3、 Phenols and other compounds are complex in composition and have significant toxicity. It is necessary to use a water sealed riser, specially sealed with mud, and clean the furnace top, door, and frame in a timely manner.

　　③推焦烟气。　　成熟焦炭经推焦车、拦焦车从炭化室推出进入熄焦车,高温烟气从导焦槽顶部等处排出。主要污染物为颗粒物、苯、BaP、SO2、CO、NO2、H2S、NH3、等。　　需配套建设拦焦车集尘罩及地面除尘站。

　　③ Pushing coke smoke. Mature coke is pushed out of the coking chamber by the pushing and blocking cars and enters the quenching car. High temperature flue gas is discharged from the top of the coke guide groove and other places. The main pollutants are particulate matter, benzene BaP、SO2、CO、NO2、H2S、NH3、 Wait. It is necessary to construct a dust collection hood and ground dust removal station for the coke blocking vehicle.

　　④熄焦塔排气。　　炽热焦炭与熄焦水接触,产生大量水汽,携带污染物排放。主要污染物为焦粉、BaP、CO、H2S、酚类、氰化物等。　　需设置木质折流板除尘。

　　④ Exhaust gas from the quenching tower. Hot coke comes into contact with quenching water, producing a large amount of water vapor and carrying pollutants for discharge. The main pollutants are coke powder BaP、CO、H2S、 Phenols, cyanides, etc. Wooden baffle dust removal is required.

　　⑤焦炉烟囱排气。　　焦炉加热燃烧室燃烧煤气产生的废气。主要污染物为烟尘、SO2、NOx等。　　需燃用净化后的焦炉煤气。

　　⑤ Coke oven chimney exhaust. The exhaust gas generated by the combustion of coal gas in the heating combustion chamber of a coke oven. The main pollutants are smoke, SO2, NOx, etc. Purified coke oven gas needs to be used.

　　⑥筛储焦工序。　　熄焦后焦炭在破碎、筛分、储存时产生的粉尘。　　需设置筛储焦楼,在筛焦楼及转运站等处设置除尘设施,焦炭堆场设置挡风抑尘网。

　　⑥ Screening and storage coke process. Dust generated during the crushing, screening, and storage of quenched coke. It is necessary to set up a coke screening and storage building, dust removal facilities at the coke screening building and transfer station, and wind and dust suppression nets at the coke yard.

　　⑦事故状态下焦炉放散荒煤气。　　需设置双回路电源、煤气自动点火装置。最大限度减小停电事故的发生,即使发生,煤气自动点火装置将荒煤气点火燃烧,可减轻事故状态时对环境的污染。　　监察要点:精煤堆场防风抑尘网、输煤走廊密闭、装煤出焦消烟除尘设施运行情况、炉门封闭情况、熄焦塔木质折流板、筛焦粉尘除尘设施、双回路电源、煤气自动点火装置、查看运行记录及在线监测SO2等数据。

　　⑦ During an accident, the coke oven released waste gas. Dual circuit power supply and automatic gas ignition device need to be installed. Minimize the occurrence of power outages to the greatest extent possible. Even if they occur, the automatic gas ignition device will ignite and burn the depleted gas, which can reduce environmental pollution during accident situations. Key monitoring points: windproof and dust suppression network in the clean coal yard, closed coal transportation corridor, operation of coal loading and coking smoke and dust removal facilities, closure of furnace doors, wooden baffle plates in the quenching tower, dust removal facilities for screening coke, dual circuit power supply, automatic gas ignition device, viewing of operation records, and online monitoring of SO2 and other data.

　　(2)煤气净化。

　　(2) Gas purification.

　　①冷凝鼓风工段,机械化焦油氨水澄清槽氨水分离过程中产生的废气,焦油贮槽、循环氨水中间槽、成品苯贮槽挥发逸散的废气。主要污染物为HCN、BaP、NH3、H2S等。　　需统一收集送排气洗净塔洗净后排放。

　　① The exhaust gas generated during the separation of ammonia water in the mechanized tar ammonia water clarification tank, as well as the exhaust gas emitted from the volatilization of tar storage tank, circulating ammonia water intermediate tank, and finished benzene storage tank in the condensation and blowing section. The main pollutants are HCN, BaP, NH3, H2S, etc. It is necessary to collect and discharge the exhaust gas after being cleaned by the cleaning tower.

　　②脱硫再生塔排气。　　煤气脱硫产生的富液送再生塔再生时有部分尾气从塔顶排出。主要污染物为HCN、NH3、H2S等。　　需统一收集送排气洗净塔洗净后排放。

　　② Exhaust gas from desulfurization regeneration tower. When the rich liquid produced by gas desulfurization is sent to the regeneration tower for regeneration, some of the tail gas is discharged from the top of the tower. The main pollutants are HCN, NH3, H2S, etc. It is necessary to collect and discharge the exhaust gas after being cleaned by the cleaning tower.

　　③煤气中的硫化物。　　一般采用湿法脱硫,减少煤气作为燃料燃烧时SO2等污染物的排放量。脱硫工段包括煤气脱硫、脱硫液再生、硫回收三部分。脱硫的主要任务是将煤气中的硫化氢脱至≤200mg/m3,并回收硫磺。

　　③ Sulfides in coal gas. Generally, wet desulfurization is used to reduce the emissions of pollutants such as SO2 during the combustion of coal gas as fuel. The desulfurization section includes three parts: gas desulfurization, desulfurization liquid regeneration, and sulfur recovery. The main task of desulfurization is to remove hydrogen sulfide from gas to ≤ 200mg/m3 and recover sulfur.

　　④煤气中的氨。　　一般采用硫铵工段去除,用硫酸洗去煤气中的氨并生产硫铵,将煤气中的氨含量脱至500mg/m3以下。将生成的硫铵干燥成硫铵成品,同时将冷鼓来的剩余氨水蒸氨。

　　④ Ammonia in gas. Generally, the ammonium sulfate section is used for removal, and sulfuric acid is used to wash away the ammonia in the gas and produce ammonium sulfate, reducing the ammonia content in the gas to below 500mg/m3. Dry the generated ammonium sulfate into finished ammonium sulfate products, while steaming the remaining ammonia water from the cold drum.

　　⑤煤气中的苯。　　洗脱苯工段去除,包括终冷、洗苯、脱苯三部分。终冷主要是将硫铵工段来的煤气冷却到25℃～27℃,洗苯是用洗油洗去煤气中的苯,脱苯是将洗苯后的含苯富油脱苯,生产轻苯、重苯出售,脱苯后的贫油返回洗苯塔循环使用。

　　⑤ Benzene in gas. The benzene washing section includes three parts: final cooling, benzene washing, and benzene removal. Final cooling is mainly used to cool the gas from the ammonium sulfate section to 25 ℃~27 ℃. Benzene washing is to wash away the benzene in the gas with washing oil, and benzene removal is to remove the benzene from the rich oil containing benzene after washing, producing light benzene and heavy benzene for sale. The lean oil after benzene removal is returned to the benzene washing tower for recycling.

　　⑥硫铵工段干燥系统排出的含NH3等污染物的尾气,生产系统排放的硫铵粉尘。　　需设置旋风除尘器和水浴除尘器两级除尘。

　　⑥ The tail gas containing NH3 and other pollutants emitted from the drying system of the ammonium sulfate section, and the ammonium sulfate dust emitted from the production system. Two levels of dust removal, cyclone dust collector and water bath dust collector, need to be installed.

　　⑦粗苯管式炉。　　需燃用冷凝、脱氨、脱硫、脱苯后的焦炉煤气。　　监察要点:排气洗净塔以及废气收集管路、硫铵工段旋风除尘器和水浴除尘器运行情况。

　　⑦ Crude benzene tube furnace. Coke oven gas needs to be used after condensation, deamination, desulfurization, and benzene removal. Monitoring points: Operation status of exhaust cleaning tower, exhaust gas collection pipeline, cyclone dust collector and water bath dust collector in the ammonium sulfate section.

　　(3)剩余煤气利用(煤气发电、制甲醇、综合利用等)。　　煤气发电锅炉燃用冷凝、脱氨、脱硫、脱苯后的焦炉煤气。　　监察要点:各工段是否均使用净煤气。

　　(3) Utilization of surplus gas (gas power generation, methanol production, comprehensive utilization, etc.). Gas fired power boilers use coke oven gas that has been condensed, deammoniated, desulfurized, and dehenzolized. Key monitoring points: Whether all sections use clean coal gas.

　　2.2?废水部分　　焦化生产废水分为生产净废水和生产污水两部分。生产净废水主要为间接冷却水、软水站及锅炉排水,为高浓度盐水,水质较为简单。生产污水来源于与物料直接接触水。

　　2.2? The coking production wastewater is divided into two parts: production clean wastewater and production wastewater. The production clean wastewater mainly consists of indirect cooling water, soft water station and boiler drainage, which are high concentration saltwater with relatively simple water quality. Production wastewater comes from water that comes into direct contact with materials.

　　(1)熄焦废水。　　含有焦尘以及微量的挥发酚、氰化物等污染物。　　需经熄焦沉淀池沉淀后,除去含有的焦粉后循化使用。

　　(1) Coke extinguishing wastewater. Containing coke dust and trace amounts of volatile phenols, cyanides, and other pollutants. After settling in the quenching sedimentation tank, remove the contained coke powder and use it gradually.

　　(2)剩余氨水。　　冷凝鼓风工段机械化焦油氨水澄清槽分离出来的剩余氨水,经蒸氨去除废水中部分氰化物、氨和H2S后送污水处理站处理。蒸出的氨气冷凝后分别进入脱硫工序作为脱硫的碱源,蒸氨后的废水送污水处理站处理。蒸氨废水氨氮浓度控制在200mg/L以下,为保证蒸氨废水氨氮稳定控制,需设置备用蒸氨塔和氨水事故槽。

　　(2) Remaining ammonia water. The residual ammonia water separated from the mechanized tar ammonia water clarification tank in the condensation and blowing section is sent to the sewage treatment plant for treatment after removing some cyanide, ammonia, and H2S from the wastewater through ammonia distillation. The evaporated ammonia gas is condensed and then enters the desulfurization process as the alkali source for desulfurization. The wastewater after ammonia evaporation is sent to the sewage treatment station for treatment. The concentration of ammonia nitrogen in the steam ammonia wastewater should be controlled below 200mg/L. To ensure stable control of ammonia nitrogen in the steam ammonia wastewater, backup steam ammonia towers and ammonia emergency tanks need to be set up.

　　(3)煤气冷凝水、粗苯及各贮槽分离水等工艺废水。　　煤气净化系统各环节设置相应的围堰、地下放空槽及集液坑等收集放空废液、废水、高浓度冲洗废水等,视水质情况送机械化氨水澄清槽或排至污水处理站处理。　　煤气冷凝液、粗苯及各贮槽分离水等工艺废水,送入焦油氨水分离槽分离后,随剩余氨水一同去蒸氨塔。　　各贮槽放散气洗涤废水、硫铵尾气净化产生的废水,均进入污水处理站处理。

　　(3) Process wastewater such as gas condensate, crude benzene, and separation water from various storage tanks. Corresponding cofferdams, underground venting tanks, and collection pits are set up at each stage of the gas purification system to collect venting waste liquid, wastewater, high concentration flushing wastewater, etc. Depending on the water quality, they are sent to mechanized ammonia water clarification tanks or discharged to sewage treatment plants for treatment. The process wastewater such as gas condensate, crude benzene, and separation water from various storage tanks are sent to the tar ammonia water separation tank for separation, and then sent to the ammonia distillation tower together with the remaining ammonia water. The wastewater discharged from each storage tank for gas washing and the wastewater generated from ammonium sulfate tail gas purification are all sent to the sewage treatment plant for treatment.

　　(4)软水站、锅炉排水及循环冷却水系统净排水。　　软水站废水采样中和池进行酸碱中和后,与锅炉排水及循环冷却水系统排污水一起,回用或送污水处理站做稀释水。

　　(4) Soft water station, boiler drainage, and clean drainage of circulating cooling water system. After acid-base neutralization in the wastewater sampling and neutralization tank of the soft water station, it is reused or sent to the sewage treatment station as dilution water together with the boiler drainage and circulating cooling water system sewage.

　　(5)生活污水、化验水、雨水、地坪冲洗水。　　送污水处理站处理。

　　(5) Domestic sewage, laboratory water, rainwater, floor flushing water. Send it to the sewage treatment plant for treatment.

　　(6)污水处理站出水。　　处理合格后全部作为熄焦的补充水。需设置调节池和事故排放池。　　监察要点:熄焦沉淀池、备用蒸氨塔和氨水事故槽、污水处理站工艺、能力、调节池和事故排放池、查看运行记录及出水水质在线监测COD等数据。

　　(6) Wastewater treatment plant effluent. After passing the treatment, all of it will be used as supplementary water for quenching coke. A regulating pool and an accident discharge pool need to be set up. Key monitoring points: coke quenching sedimentation tank, backup ammonia distillation tower and ammonia accident tank, sewage treatment plant process, capacity, regulating tank and accident discharge tank, viewing operation records and online monitoring of effluent quality COD and other data.

　　2.3?固废部分

　　2.3? Solid waste part

　　(1)焦油渣。　　冷鼓工段机械化氨水澄清槽中分离出的焦油渣,含有煤焦油沥青、酚油、萘油、蒽油等成分,属危险固废。现阶段要求掺煤炼焦。

　　(1) Tar residue. The tar residue separated from the mechanized ammonia water clarification tank in the cold drum section contains components such as coal tar pitch, phenol oil, naphthalene oil, anthracene oil, etc., and is classified as hazardous solid waste. At present, coal blending is required for coking.

　　(2)脱硫废液。　　是为了避免脱硫及再生过程盐分积累,定期抽出的部分废液,属危险固废。现阶段要求掺煤炼焦。

　　(2) Flue gas desulfurization waste liquid. It is a hazardous solid waste that is periodically extracted to avoid salt accumulation during desulfurization and regeneration processes. At present, coal blending is required for coking.

　　(3)粗苯再生器脱苯残渣。　　洗脱苯过程中洗油再生时,再生器排出的脱苯残渣,属危险固废。现阶段要求掺煤炼焦。

　　(3) Crude benzene regenerator removes benzene residue. During the process of washing benzene and regenerating the washing oil, the benzene removal residue discharged from the regenerator is classified as hazardous solid waste. At present, coal blending is required for coking.

　　(4)沥青渣。　　蒸氨塔产生的沥青渣,属危险固废。现阶段要求掺煤炼焦。

　　(4) Asphalt residue. The asphalt residue produced by the ammonia distillation tower is classified as hazardous solid waste. At present, coal blending is required for coking.

　　(5)酸焦油。　　硫铵工段产生,属危险固废。现要求阶段掺煤炼焦。

　　(5) Acid tar. The ammonium sulfate section generates hazardous solid waste. At present, coal blending is required for coking.

　　(6)生化污泥及废油渣。　　生化污水处理站产生,除油产生的废油渣和生化产生的剩余污泥,属危险固废。现阶段要求掺煤炼焦。

　　(6) Biochemical sludge and waste oil residue. The waste oil residue and residual sludge generated by the biochemical wastewater treatment plant are classified as hazardous solid waste. At present, coal blending is required for coking.

　　(7)除尘灰。　　各除尘系统回收的粉尘现阶段均要求掺煤炼焦

　　(7) Dust removal. At present, the dust collected by each dust removal system requires coal blending for coking

　　(8)生活垃圾。　　要求定期送政府指定的垃圾填埋场处理。　　监察要点:焦油渣、脱硫废液、脱苯残渣、沥青渣、酸焦油、污水处理站废油渣、剩余污泥等有无专用堆存场所,地面防渗情况,生活垃圾收集、填埋情况。

　　(8) Household garbage. Require regular disposal at government designated landfill sites. Key monitoring points: Whether there are dedicated storage areas for tar residue, desulfurization waste liquid, benzene removal residue, asphalt residue, acid tar, waste oil residue from sewage treatment plants, residual sludge, etc., the anti-seepage situation on the ground, and the collection and landfill of household waste.

　　2.4?噪声污染源分析

　　2.4? Analysis of Noise Pollution Sources

　　主要为各种风机等产噪生产设备,需采用加装消音器、基础减震、车间密闭等措施。

　　Mainly for various noise generating production equipment such as fans, measures such as installing mufflers, basic shock absorbers, and workshop sealing are required.

　　监察要点:消音器、基础减震、车间密闭措施。

　　Key monitoring points: Silencers, foundation shock absorbers, and workshop sealing measures.

　　执行环境标准

　　Implement environmental standards

　　3.1 废气排放标准

　　3.1 Exhaust emission standards

　　（1）炼焦炉炉顶无组织污染物排放执行《炼焦炉大气污染物排放标准》(GB16171-1996)。标准中规定,位于GB3095中一类区执行一级标准,二类区执行二级标准,三类区执行三级标准。禁止在一类区新建、扩建机械化炼焦炉和非机械化炼焦炉,改建项目不得增加排污量。

　　(1) The unorganized pollutant emissions from the top of the coke oven shall comply with the "Emission Standards for Air Pollutants from Coking Furnaces" (GB16171-1996). According to the standard, Class I areas in GB3095 shall comply with the first level standard, Class II areas shall comply with the second level standard, and Class III areas shall comply with the third level standard. It is prohibited to build or expand mechanized and non mechanized coke ovens in Class I areas, and renovation projects shall not increase the amount of pollutants discharged.

　　（2）颗粒物、SO2、NOx、BaP、酚类、氰化氢、苯等焦化有组织废气排放及厂界无组织排放监控浓度执行《大气污染物综合排放标准》(GB16297-1996)。　　NH3、H2S有组织污染

　　(2) Particulate matter SO2、NOx、BaP、 The monitoring concentration of organized waste gas emissions and unorganized emissions from coking plants such as phenols, hydrogen cyanide, and benzene shall comply with the Comprehensive Emission Standards for Air Pollutants (GB16297-1996). Organized pollution of NH3 and H2S

　　源及厂界无组织排放执行《恶臭污染物排放标准》(GB14554-93)。

　　The unorganized emissions at the source and factory boundaries shall comply with the "Emission Standards for Odor Pollutants" (GB14554-93).

　　（3）中小型焦化厂配置的锅炉一般采用净化后焦炉煤气为燃料,相应锅炉大气污染物排放执行《锅炉大气污染物排放标准》(GB13271-2001)中的燃气锅炉排放标准。

　　(3) The boilers equipped in small and medium-sized coking plants generally use purified coke oven gas as fuel, and the corresponding boiler air pollutant emissions comply with the gas boiler emission standards in the "Boiler Air Pollutant Emission Standards" (GB13271-2001).

　　3.2?废水排放标准

　　3.2? Wastewater discharge standards

　　焦化废水排放执行《钢铁工业水污染物排放标准》(GB13456-92)。在《钢铁工业水污染物排放标准》中未规定的污染物排放标准,执行《污水综合排放标准》(GB8978-96)。　　3.3?其它排放标准　厂界噪声排放执行《工业企业厂界环境噪声排放标准》(GB12348-2008)。

　　The discharge of coking wastewater shall comply with the "Emission Standards for Water Pollutants in the Iron and Steel Industry" (GB13456-92). The pollutant discharge standards not specified in the "Steel Industry Water Pollutant Discharge Standards" shall be implemented in accordance with the "Comprehensive Wastewater Discharge Standards" (GB8978-96). 3.3? Other emission standards for factory boundary noise emissions shall comply with the "Emission Standards for Industrial Enterprise Boundary Environmental Noise" (GB12348-2008).

　　3.4?固体废物　　一般工业固体废物执行《一般工业固体废物储存、处置场污染控制标准》(GB18599-2001)。危险废物贮存执行《危险废物贮存污染控制标准》(GB18597-2001)。

　　3.4? Solid waste: General industrial solid waste shall comply with the Pollution Control Standards for Storage and Disposal Sites of General Industrial Solid Waste (GB18599-2001). The storage of hazardous waste shall comply with the Pollution Control Standards for Hazardous Waste Storage (GB18597-2001).

　　实际工作中特别要注意的是:如环境影响报告书、环评批复对企业执行环境标准有明确要求的,以环评批复执行标准为准。

　　In practical work, it is particularly important to note that if there are clear requirements for enterprises to implement environmental standards in environmental impact assessment reports and environmental impact assessment approvals, the environmental impact assessment approval execution standards shall prevail.

　　总之,焦化企业污染源点多面广,环境监察难度较大,因此需要监察人员不断学习研究,以认真负责的态度开展环境监察工作,发现并解决企业存在的环境问题。

　　In short, coking enterprises have multiple sources of pollution, making environmental monitoring difficult. Therefore, it is necessary for monitoring personnel to continuously learn and research, carry out environmental monitoring work with a serious and responsible attitude, and discover and solve environmental problems existing in the enterprise.

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